Gender differences, polypharmacy, and potential pharmacological interactions in the elderly.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to analyze pharmacological interactions among drugs taken by elderly patients and their age and gender differences in a population from Porto Alegre, Brazil. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the database provided by the Institute of Geriatric and Gerontology, Porto Alegre, Brazil. The database was composed of 438 elderly and includes information about the patients' disease, therapy regimens, utilized drugs. All drugs reported by the elderly patients were classified using the Anatomical Therapeutic and Chemical Classification System. The drug-drug interactions and their severity were assessed using the Micromedex® Healthcare Series. RESULTS: Of the 438 elderly patients in the data base, 376 (85.8%) used pharmacotherapy, 274 were female, and 90.4% of females used drugs. The average number of drugs used by each individual younger than 80 years was 3.2±2.6. Women younger than 80 years old used more drugs than men in the same age group whereas men older than 80 years increased their use of drugs in relation to other age groups. Therefore, 32.6% of men and 49.2% of women described at least one interaction, and 8.1% of men and 10.6% of women described four or more potential drug-drug interactions. Two-thirds of drug-drug interactions were moderate in both genders, and most of them involved angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, loop and thiazide diuretics, and ß-blockers. CONCLUSION: Elderly patients should be closely monitored, based on drug class, gender, age group and nutritional status.

Gender differences, polypharmacy, and potential pharmacological interactions in the elderly

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to analyze pharmacological interactions among drugs taken by elderly patients and their age and gender differences in a population from Porto Alegre, Brazil. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the database provided by the Institute of Geriatric and Gerontology, Porto Alegre, Brazil. The database was composed of 438 elderly and includes information about the patients' disease, therapy regimens, utilized drugs. All drugs reported by the elderly patients were classified using the Anatomical Therapeutic and Chemical Classification System. The drug-drug interactions and their severity were assessed using the Micromedex® Healthcare Series. RESULTS: Of the 438 elderly patients in the data base, 376 (85.8 percent) used pharmacotherapy, 274 were female, and 90.4 percent of females used drugs. The average number of drugs used by each individual younger than 80 years was 3.2±2.6. Women younger than 80 years old used more drugs than men in the same age group whereas men older than 80 years increased their use of drugs in relation to other age groups. Therefore, 32.6 percent of men and 49.2 percent of women described at least one interaction, and 8.1 percent of men and 10.6 percent of women described four or more potential drug-drug interactions. Two-thirds of drug-drug interactions were moderate in both genders, and most of them involved angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, loop and thiazide diuretics, and β-blockers. CONCLUSION: Elderly patients should be closely monitored, based on drug class, gender, age group and nutritional status.

Potential interactions of central nervous system drugs used in the elderly population / Potenciais interacções do sistema nervoso central medicamentos utilizados na população idosa

OBJECTIVE: To describe the use of CNS drugs and to identify the most frequently observed potential drug interactions in the elderly living in Southern Brazil. METHODS: A population-based, transversal and observational study was carried out during 2006-2007. Four hundred and eighty elderly individuals of both genders were randomly recruited and interviewed. A validated pharmacotherapeutic questionnaire and the Micromedex® Healthcare Series were utilized to analyze potential drug interactions. A severity rating scale employing the categories of "mild", "moderate" and "severe" was used to describe the interactions. RESULTS: A population of elderly living in Southern Brazil was interviewed and 98 reported using CNS drugs, 74.5 percent female and 25.5 percent male. Out of these patients, 32.0 percent reported severe or moderate pharmacological interactions related to the use of other drugs. Alprazolam and imipramine were reported to potentially interact with tobacco. Twenty potential moderate drug/ethanol interactions were found. The potential drug/caffeine interactions were classified as mild on the severity scale. CONCLUSION: Elderly being prescribed drugs that act on the CNS should be closely monitored, and furthermore, should be warned against potential drug-drug, drug-ethanol, and drug-tobacco interactions.

OBJETIVO: Descrever o uso de medicamentos que atuam no sistema nervoso central (SNC) e identificar as possíveis interações mais frequentes com esses medicamentos em idosos do sul do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo de base populacional, transversal e observacional, realizado durante 2006-2007. Quatrocentos e oitenta idosos de ambos os sexos foram randomizados e entrevistados. Foram utilizados um questionário farmacoterapêutico validado e o programa Micromedex® Healthcare Series para analisar as potenciais interações com os medicamentos. Foi utilizada uma escala para descrever a gravidade das interações nas categorias de "leve", "moderada" e "grave". RESULTADOS: A população idosa, moradora do sul do Brasil, que utilizava medicamentos para o SNC, era formada por 98 pacientes, 75,5 por cento mulheres e 25,5 por cento homens. Destes pacientes, 32,0 por cento apresentaram interações farmacológicas graves ou moderadas relacionadas com a utilização de outros medicamentos. Alprazolam e Imipramina, usados pela população, apresentaram riscos de potenciais interações com tabaco. Foram encontradas vinte potenciais interações moderadas medicamento/etanol. As potenciais interações medicamento/cafeína foram classificadas como leves. CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes idosos deveriam ser rigorosamente monitorizados, e ainda, é necessário advertir quanto às potenciais interações de medicamentos que atuam no SNC com outros medicamentos, etanol e tabaco.

Adesão à prescrição médica em idosos de Porto Alegre, RS / Medication adherence of elderly in Porto Alegre, RS

Polifarmácia e falta de adesão à prescrição médica são problemas freqüentes na terapêutica farmacológica de idosos que podem prejudicar o resultado do seu tratamento. Realizou-se um estudo transversal exploratório e quantitativo em base populacional para levantar a freqüência de idosos aderentes e avaliar se a polifarmácia interfere na adesão. A pesquisa foi realizada com 466 idosos de Porto Alegre, RS. Os instrumentos foram aplicados por entrevista individual. A freqüência de idosos aderentes foi de 173 (37,1 por cento) e maior entre os que utilizavam menos fármacos. Os resultados encontrados sugerem a implementação de programas educacionais para auxiliar os idosos no seguimento à terapêutica farmacológica.

Polipharmacy and medication non-adherence are problems faced frequently in the treatment of elderly patients. An exploratory cross-sectional study and quantitative approach were conducted to assess the frequency of treatment-adherence in elderly and how polipharmacy can affect adherence. Four hundred and sixty six elderly answered a questionnaire in Porto Alegre, RS in individual interviews. The adherence frequency found was 173 (37.1 percent) and was higher among those, who use less medication. These results indicate the need for implementing educational programs for the elderly in order to help them to follow their drug therapy.

[Medication adherence of elderly in Porto Alegre, RS]. / Adesão à prescrição médica em idosos de Porto Alegre, RS.

Polipharmacy and medication non-adherence are problems faced frequently in the treatment of elderly patients. An exploratory cross-sectional study and quantitative approach were conducted to assess the frequency of treatment-adherence in elderly and how polipharmacy can affect adherence. Four hundred and sixty six elderly answered a questionnaire in Porto Alegre, RS in individual interviews. The adherence frequency found was 173 (37.1%) and was higher among those, who use less medication. These results indicate the need for implementing educational programs for the elderly in order to help them to follow their drug therapy.

Estudo de utilização de anti-ulcerosos na população idosa de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil / Study of antiulcerous utilization in the elderly population of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

O aumento gradativo da longevidade destaca-se como uma das mais importantes mudanças demográficas das últimas décadas. A incidência de usuários de anti-ulcerosos vem aumentando nessa parcela da população, e com isso, a necessidade do fortalecimento na relação profissional-usuário. Objetivos: Descrever a terapia anti-ulcerosa utilizada pela população idosa de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil e analisar a necessidade de implementação de um programa de atenção farmacêutica a esses pacientes. Métodos: Estudo transversal exploratório e observacional. O instrumento utilizado para a coleta de dados foi uma ficha de seguimento farmacoterapêutico testada e validada. Os dados foram tabulados e analisados com o uso do programa SPSS 14,0. Resultados: Do total de 514 pacientes entrevistados, 13,2% utilizavam medicamentos para terapia das doenças ácido-pépticas. Os inibidores da bomba de prótons foram a subclasse de medicamentos mais utilizadas, seguidos pelos antagonistas de receptores H2. Foi observada grande presença de polifarmácia. Apenas 32,2% dos idosos se automedicam, em contrapartida, 71,2% não entendem a receita médica e 81,4% esquecem de ingerir seus medicamentos com freqüência. Conclusão: A grande variabilidade farmacocinética e farmacodinâmica dessa população evidenciam a importância deste estudo, a fim de evitar erros farmacoterapêuticos que poderão ocasionar interações farmacológicas e reações adversas. Portanto, é justificada a implementação de um programa de atenção farmacêutica ao paciente idoso que utiliza anti-ulcerosos.

The gradual increase of the longevity is distinguished as one of the most important demographic changes of the last decades. The incidence of antiulcerous users is increasing in this age group, and this strengthens the necessity of the professional-user relation. Objectives: To describe the antiulcerous therapy used by the elderly population of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil and to analyze the implementation necessity of a pharmaceutical care program to these patients. Methods: Cross-sectional, observational and exploratory study. The instrument used for the data collection was a validated pharmacotherapy questionnaire tabulated and analyzed by the SPSS 14.0 computer program. Results: Of the total of 514 interviewed patients, 13.2% use medicines to acid-peptic illnesses. The inhibitor of proton pump was the medicine subclass more used, followed by the histamine 2 receptor (H2R) antagonist. Great presence of polypharmacy was observed. Only 32.2% of the elderly use self-medication. On the other hand, 71.2% do not understand the medical prescription and 81.4% forget their medicines. Conclusion: The great pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability of this population evidences the importance of this study, in order to prevent errors that can cause drugs interactions and side effects. Therefore, the implementation of a pharmaceutical care program to the elderly patient who use antiulcerous is justified.

Efeitos dos medicamentos hipolipêmicos no perfil lipídico de população idosa de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil / Effects of hypolipemic drugs on the lipidic profile of Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil in older population

O perfil lipídico pode estar relacionado com doenças crônico-degenerativas e suas complicações. Alguns dos medicamentos usados para controlar os níveis lipêmicos são estatinas e fibratos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o perfil lipídico da população idosa de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, que faz uso desses medicamentos. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 456 idosos e as dosagens foram realizadas através da metodologia química seca. Para análise estatística foram utilizados os testes Student e Qui-quadrado. Analisou-se o perfil lipídico de 22 homens e 51 mulheres que faziam uso de medicamentos hipolipêmicos e comparou-se esse perfil com o de 85 homens e 161 mulheres que não faziam uso destes. Os resultados demonstraram diferença significativa na classificação dos riscos e nos valores médios de colesterol total, LDL e triglicerídeos, nas idosas que usavam hipolipêmicos em relação às quenão os utilizavam. No entanto, para os homens, ocorreu uma diminuição significativa nos resultados de LDL, nos que faziam uso dos hipolipêmicos, apresentando valores controlados para todos os índices. É necessário um maior acompanhamento para a utilização correta dos medicamentos citados pelas pacientes idosas, a fim de se obter um melhor controle da lipemia e uma melhoria nas condições de saúde dessas pacientes.

The lipidic profile can be related to chronic degenerative diseases and their complications. Some of the drugs used to control the lipidic levels are statins and fibrates. The aim of the study was to verify the lipidic profile of the elderly population of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil that makes use of these medicines. Blood samples were collected from 465 elderly and the dosages were determined by drought chemical methodology. For statistical analysis were used the Student t test and Chi-square test. There were examined the lipidic profile of 22 men and 51 women that made use of hypolipemic drugs and compared with 85 men and 161 women that did not use these. The results showed significant differences in the classification of risk and the average values of total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides in the elderly that used hypolipemic in relation to those that did not use. However, for men there was a significant decrease in LDL results of those that made use of hypolipemic drugs, presenting controlled values for all indexes. It’s necessary a better monitoring for the correct use of the drugs mentioned by elderly women patients in order to get a better control of lipidic profile and an improvement in the health conditions of these patients.

Profile of drug utilization in the elderly living in Porto Alegre, Brazil.

UNLABELLED: The elderly population is one of the most rapidly increasing populations in the world. Physiological alterations induced by the aging process make these individuals more susceptible to chronic diseases and, consequently, to increased drug utilization. OBJECTIVE: To describe the profile of drug utilization in the elderly living in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. METHODS: An observational and cross-sectional population-based study to investigate the characteristics of the population, sources of information and types of drugs used by the elderly was performed. Four hundred and eighty patients were recruited from data supplied by the City Hall of Porto Alegre. The elderly were interviewed individually during the period from January to May 2006 by trained interviewers. A validated pharmacotherapy questionnaire was used for data collection and data were tabulated and analyzed by the SPSS 11.5 computer program. RESULTS: Of the 480 patients interviewed, 13.8% did not use any medication. Cardiovascular system drugs represented the pharmacological class most used by the elderly (64.0%). When ill, 71.9% of these individuals visited the doctor, while 36.9% self-medicated. For the majority (50.2%), drugs were identified by their labels. Only 41.2% of the elderly understood medical prescriptions and 68.3% of the patients studied obtained the necessary information for the appropriate use of therapy from their doctors. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that a pharmaceutical care program for the treatment, prevention, and use of medications may provide a higher efficiency to elderly drug therapy.

Terapia anti-hipertensiva utilizada por pacientes idosos de Porto Alegre/RS, Brasil / Antihypertensive therapy used by elderly patients fron Porto Alegre/RS, Brasil

Objetivos: Descrever o perfil de utilização de medicamentos com ação no sistema cardiovascular, especialmente anti-hipertensivos, por idosos residentes na cidade de Porto Alegre. Métodos: Estudo transversal exploratório e observacional com base populacional, realizado em 2006, sobre a utilização qualitativa e quantitativa de medicamentos por pacientes idosos. O instrumento utilizado para a coleta de dados foi uma ficha de seguimento farmacológico. Resultados: Do total de 385 pacientes entrevistados, 62,3% utilizavam medicamentos com ação do sistema cardiovascular, sendo que destes, 86,3% utilizavam anti-hipertensivos. Entre os 35,3% pacientes que faziam uso de monoterapia, 38,4% utilizavam inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) E 26% utilizavam beta-bloqueadores. Dos 207 pacientes em monoterapia ou terapia combinada de dois ou mais medicamentos, 59,4% utilizavam diuréticos e 51,2% inibidores da ECA. Conclusões: Os diuréticos, inibidores da ECA e betabloqueadores foram anti-hipertensivos mais utilizados. Muitas vezes o usuário comete erros na medicação, o que pode ser resolvido com uma assistência correta a esse paciente. Diante da prevalência da hipertenção entre os idosos, observa-se a necessidade de uma maior atenção dos profissionais de saúde a esses pacientes.